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1.
Rev. Méd. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc ; 59(6): 551-559, dic. 2021. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1357567

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el buen sueño es esencial para la salud física y mental a lo largo de la vida. Sin embargo, existen pocos reportes sobre los problemas del sueño que enferentan las personas mayores que viven en la comunidad. Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de los principales problemas de sueño y su relación con condiciones médicas en las personas mayores que viven en la comunidad. Material y métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo con 1678 personas de 60 años y más, derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en la Ciudad de México. Se evaluó la duración del sueño, la calidad del sueño, la somnolencia diurna, el insomnio y el riesgo de apnea obstructiva de sueño, junto con algunas variables sociodemográficas y condiciones médicas. Resultados: las personas mayores reportaron dormir, en promedio, 6.04 (± 1.5) horas por noche; el 49.1% tenía baja calidad del sueño y el 19.1% experimentaba somnolencia diurna; el 30.8% presentó insomnio y el 27.5% tenía riesgo de apnea obstructiva del sueño. Se observó un patrón de mayor prevalencia de problemas de sueño en las personas mayores con depresión, deterioro cognitivo, dificultades para realizar actividades básicas de la vida diaria y en quienes consumían medicamentos para el sistema nervioso. Conclusiones: este estudio mostró que las personas mayores duermen pocas horas, tienen baja calidad de sueño y prevalencia alta de trastornos del sueño. La identificación y el tratamiento de los problemas del sueño en las personas mayores debe ser una prioridad en el IMSS.


Background: Good sleep is essential for physical and mental health throughout life. However, there are few reports describing the sleep problems experienced by community-dwelling older people. Objective: To describe the prevalence of sleep disorders and their relationship with medical conditions in community-dwelling older people. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 1678 older people (60 years and over) from the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) in Mexico City. Sleep duration, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, insomnia and risk of obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated, alongside with sociodemographic variables and medical conditions. Results: Participants self-reported an average sleep duration of 6.04 (± 1.5) hours per night, approximately half had poor sleep quality (49.1%), and 2 out of 10 experienced daytime sleepiness (19.1%); one third had insomnia (30.8%) and risk of obstructive sleep apnea (27.5%). A pattern of higher prevalence of sleep problems was observed in older adults with depression, with cognitive impairment, with difficulties in basic activities of daily living and in those taking medications for the nervous system. Conclusions: This study showed that older people sleep few hours, have low sleep quality, and have a high prevalence of sleep disorders. The identification and treatment of sleep disordes in older people should be a priority in the IMSS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Mental Health , Cross-Sectional Studies , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive , Geriatrics , Mexico , Sleep Wake Disorders , Aging , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders , Nervous System
2.
Rev. enferm. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc ; 28(3): 245-254, Jul-sept 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1343180

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la demanda poblacional de adultos mayores requiere la atención de profesionales de enfermería capacitados, que realicen un cuidado integral que permita la inclusión de la salud bucal; la capacidad de que se abra un área de oportunidad está en manos de todo profesional de enfermería al propiciar un acercamiento multidisciplinario y mejorar el cuidado del adulto mayor. Objetivo: identificar las prácticas de salud bucal que realiza el personal de enfermería en el adulto mayor y un análisis del efecto que podrían tener si se replicaran en México a nivel institucional. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de las publicaciones en seis buscadores: Pubmed, SciElo, Redalyc, Elsevier, Wiley y Google Schoolar. Con términos MeSH en el idioma inglés (Nursing, Elderly and Oral Health) y en español y portugués (Enfermería, Higiene Bucal, Adulto Mayor y Salud Oral). Se revisaron siete artículos que satisficieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: los estudios demostraron que, con la capacitación, implementación o evaluación de las prácticas del personal de enfermería, hay una mejora en condiciones de salud bucal de adultos mayores. En México, la apertura del personal de enfermería por explorar otras áreas de oportunidad podría enfocarse en las prácticas de salud bucal al adoptar el modelo de otros países. Conclusiones: la participación de enfermería y odontología ha crecido alrededor del mundo, pero en este país aún es limitada y se omiten diversas actividades en educación para la salud; en consecuencia, se sugiere una evaluación y capacitación de ambas disciplinas para buscar un punto de encuentro y enriquecer el conocimiento en beneficio de la población.


Introduction: The population demand for older adults re- quires the attention of trained nursing professionals who provide comprehensive care that allows the inclusion of oral health; the ability to open an area of opportunity is in the hands of every nursing professional, fostering a multi- disciplinary approach and improvement in the care of the elderly. Objective: To identify the oral health practices carried out by nursing personnel in the elderly and an analysis of the impact that they could have if they were replicated in Mexico at the institutional level. Methods: A literature review was carried out in six search engines: Pubmed, SciElo, Redalyc, Elsevier, Wiley and Google Schoolar. With MeSH terms in english language (Nursing, Elderly and Oral Health) and in spanish and portuguese (Enfermería, Higiene Bucal, Adulto Mayor and Salud Oral). Seven articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Results: The studies showed that, with the training, implementation or evaluation of the nursing staff's practices, there is an improvement in the oral health conditions of Older Adults. In Mexico, the opening of the nursing staff to explore other areas of opportunity could be directed in oral health practices, adopting the model of other countries. Conclusions: The participation of Nursing and Dentistry has been growing around the world, however in our country it is still limited and various activities in Health education are omitted, so an evaluation and training of both disciplines is suggested to find a point of meeting and enriching knowledge for the benefit of the population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Oral Hygiene , Oral Health , Health Education , Nurse's Role , Systematic Review , Nurses , Nursing Staff
3.
Rev. invest. clín ; 71(6): 393-401, Nov.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1289711

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background A global aging population requires focusing on the risk factors for unhealthy aging, preventive medicine, and chronic disease management. The identification of adverse health outcomes in older adults has been addressed by the characterization of frailty as a biological syndrome. In this field, oxidative stress and telomere length have been suggested as biomarkers of aging Objective The objective of the study was to study the association of oxidative stress, telomere length, and frailty in an old age population Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 2015 data from 202 members of a cohort of older adults (n = 202; F/M gender ratio: 133/69; mean age: 69.89 ± 7.39 years). Reactive oxygen species were measured by dichlorofluorescein diacetate and lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde. Telomere length was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with SYBR Green Master Mix Results Statistical analysis showed an association between telomere length and frailty but no association between oxidative stress and telomere length or frailty Conclusions Telomere length could eventually be used as a marker to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy aging as expressed by frailty phenotype; oxidative stress seemed merely a biological process of aging.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Frail Elderly , Telomere/physiology , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Frailty/epidemiology , Aging , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Age Factors , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Frailty/physiopathology
5.
Clinics ; 71(1): 17-21, Jan. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-771948

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main severe potential drug-drug interactions in older adults with dementia and to examine the factors associated with these interactions. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study. The enrolled patients were selected from six geriatrics clinics of tertiary care hospitals across Mexico City. The patients had received a clinical diagnosis of dementia based on the current standards and were further divided into the following two groups: those with severe drug-drug interactions (contraindicated/severe) (n=64) and those with non-severe drug-drug interactions (moderate/minor/absent) (n=117). Additional socio-demographic, clinical and caregiver data were included. Potential drug-drug interactions were identified using Micromedex Drug Reax 2.0® database. RESULTS: A total of 181 patients were enrolled, including 57 men (31.5%) and 124 women (68.5%) with a mean age of 80.11±8.28 years. One hundred and seven (59.1%) patients in our population had potential drug-drug interactions, of which 64 (59.81%) were severe/contraindicated. The main severe potential drug-drug interactions were caused by the combinations citalopram/anti-platelet (11.6%), clopidogrel/omeprazole (6.1%), and clopidogrel/aspirin (5.5%). Depression, the use of a higher number of medications, dementia severity and caregiver burden were the most significant factors associated with severe potential drug-drug interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Older people with dementia experience many severe potential drug-drug interactions. Anti-depressants, antiplatelets, anti-psychotics and omeprazole were the drugs most commonly involved in these interactions. Despite their frequent use, anti-dementia drugs were not involved in severe potential drug-drug interactions. The number and type of medications taken, dementia severity and depression in patients in addition to caregiver burden should be considered to avoid possible drug interactions in this population.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Dementia/drug therapy , Polypharmacy , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Caregivers/psychology , Drug Interactions , Dementia/complications , Dementia/epidemiology , Depression/complications , Mexico/epidemiology
6.
Salud ment ; 38(1): 33-39, ene.-feb. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-747777

ABSTRACT

Background Depression is associated with an increased use of medical resources and reduced quality of life, cognitive functions, functionality and general health. The treatment of depression is limited by the scarcity of mental health professionals, as reflected in the mental health atlas of the World Health Organization. Method A randomised controlled trial that was not blinded was conducted. Family doctors referred patients older than 60 years who were suspected to have depression to the screening module. The PHQ-9 questionnaire, the Six-Item Screener, and previous diagnosis for psychiatric disorders were collected. Major depression was excluded. Those with a score from two to six on the PHQ-9 and with no comorbidities were referred to the Baseline Phase. A simple random process without blocking was applied. Groups of 7-10 participants engaged in weekly sessions over the course of three months. The control group was referred to their family physician. Reduction in depression score of the PHQ-9 was the main outcome. Results and discussion There were 40 patients in the control group (CG) and 41 in the intervention group (IG). 84% were women, 41% married and 41% reported at least primary education. The mean age for the GC was 69.7 years vs. 71.3 in the GI. The baseline mean MMSE score was 23.7 in the GC and 24.1 in the IG. No significant baseline differences between groups were reported. In the IG, 56% of the participants (n=23) displayed a decrease that was greater than or equal to 5 points on the PHQ-9 compared with 30% (n=12) in the control group. The CT group evidenced a marginal improvement.


Antecedentes La depresión se asocia con un aumento en el uso de los recursos médicos y reducción de la calidad de vida, funciones cognitivas, funcionalidad y la salud general. El tratamiento de la depresión está limitado por la escasez de profesionales en salud mental, como se refleja en el atlas de salud mental de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Método Se realizó un ensayo controlado aleatorio no cegado. Los médicos familiares referían a los pacientes mayores de 60 años con sospecha de depresión al módulo de detección. Se aplicó el cuestionario PHQ-9, la prueba de escrutinio de seis ítems, y el diagnóstico previo de trastornos psiquiátricos. Se excluyó a pacientes con depresión mayor. Aquellos con una puntuación de dos a seis en el PHQ-9 y sin comorbilidades fueron remitidos a la fase basal. Se aplicó un proceso aleatorio simple sin bloquear. Se integraron grupos de 7-10 participantes en sesiones semanales durante el transcurso de tres meses. El grupo control fue remitido a su médico familiar. El resultado principal fue la reducción en la puntuación de la depresión del PHQ-9 Resultados y discusión Se estudiaron a 40 pacientes en el grupo control (GC) y 41 en el grupo intervención (GI). 84% eran mujeres, 41% casados y el 41% informó de al menos la educación primaria. La edad media para el GC fue 69.7 años vs. 71.3 en el GI. La puntuación media del MMSE fue de 23.7 en el GC y el 24.1 en el IG. No se registraron diferencias iniciales significativas entre los grupos. El 56% de los participantes del GI mostró una disminución que fue mayor que o igual a cinco puntos en el PHQ-9 en comparación con 30% del GC. El grupo CT demuestra una mejora marginal.

7.
Rev. odontol. mex ; 18(2): 11-119, abr.-jun. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-714565

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento del Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index y Oral Impacts on Daily Performances como medidas de efecto de la salud bucodental relacionada con la calidad de vida en adultos mayores en una misma población. Métodos: Muestra representativa de adultos mayores derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social del suroeste de la Ciudad de México. Se realizaron entrevistas domiciliarias para conocer las características de la muestra y aplicación de los instrumentos Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index y Oral Impacts on Daily Performances. Evaluación clínica para determinar la experiencia de caries coronal y caries radicular. Resultados: Un total de 531 sujetos de 60 años y más participaron, 68.4% mujeres. La media (desviación estándar) de edad fue de 71.4 (7.0) años. El Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index presentó una media de 46.8 (6.2), y 4.1 (12.4) para el Oral Impacts on Daily Performances. La escolaridad mayor de seis años, no presentar limitaciones, con deterioro cognitivo y sin depresión, presentaron una media mayor del puntaje del Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index en comparación con los que no presentaban (p < 0.05). La escolaridad mayor de seis años, con una actividad laboral remunerada y sin depresión, presentaron una media menor del puntaje del Oral Impacts on Daily Performances en comparación a los que no presentaban (p < 0.05). Existe una correlación entre el Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index y componentes obturados, dientes funcionales (p < 0.05). Los componentes perdidos, obturados e índice caries coronal, así como coronas sanas y dientes funcionales presentaron una correlación con el Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (p < 0.05). Conclusión: El Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index tuvo mayor discriminación en las características de la población y el Oral Impacts on Daily Performances presentó mayor correlación con el estado de la dentición.


Objective: To determine the behavior of the Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index as well as the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances as effective measures in oral-dental health related to quality of life in senior citizens in a given population. Methods: A representative sample of senior citizens entitled to medical services at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security) located in the southwest region of Mexico City. Home interviews were conducted in order to ascertain the sample's characteristics as well as the application of the Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index and Oral Impacts on Daily Performances instruments. Clinical evaluation in order to determine experience of crown caries (CPO-D) and root caries CO-R). Results: A total of 531 subjects aged 60 years and over participated in the study, of which 68.4% were female. Age average (AA) was 71.4 years (7.0). Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index exhibited a mean of 46.8 (6.2) and Oral Impacts on Daily Performances showed 4.1 (12.4). Subjects included in the sample had attended school for over 6 years, did not present limitations of cognitive deterioration, and were depression-free, exhibited a higher mean in Oral Impacts on Daily Performances score than those which did not present those characteristics (p < 0.05). Six or more years of schooling with paid work and depression-free subjects presented lesser Oral Impacts on Daily Performances scores when compared to those who did not. (p < 0.05) A correlation was found between the Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index and filled components, functional teeth (p > 0.05). Filled and lost components and CPO-D index as well as healthy crowns and functional teeth exhibited a correlation with Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index exhibited higher discrimination in the population's characteristics whereas Oral Impacts on Daily Performances showed higher correlation with the state of the dentition.

8.
Rev. odontol. mex ; 18(2): 120-127, abr.-jun. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-714566

ABSTRACT

Desde hace más de un década, se ha reforzado la enseñanza experimental de la asignatura de Bioquímica en la Facultad de Odontología mediante la implementación de prácticas de laboratorio. El proyecto sobre el fortalecimiento de la enseñanza en bioquímica tiene la intención de que el estudiante sea capaz de comprender los conceptos básicos de bioquímica y biología molecular con la finalidad de que los estudiantes mejoren sus competencias profesionales. Con este propósito, en el ciclo escolar 2011-2012, se han introducido tres protocolos experimentales en el ámbito de la biología molecular. Objetivo: Analizar la encuesta de opinión sobre los protocolos de Biología Molecular en la generación 2011-2012. Material y métodos: Se aplicó una encuesta a los estudiantes del primer año de la Facultad de Odontología, la cual se resolvió de manera anónima y voluntaria, en la que se evaluaron seis aspectos sobre los protocolos de biología molecular, que consistieron en aprendizaje, participación, planificación, interacción con el grupo, evaluación e infraestructura. Se obtuvieron las medias y desviación estándar (± DE) para evaluar la confiabilidad del instrumento; así mismo, se obtuvo la consistencia de interna de la encuesta y el porcentaje de evaluación de cada reactivo. Se utilizó el programa SPSS para Windows versión 12. Resultados: Participaron un total de 430 estudiantes. La media de las diferentes categorías fueron las siguientes: aprendizaje 71.1% (± 13); participación 91.85 (± 11.7); planificación 77.1 (± 12.5); evaluación 78.6% (± 17.1); infraestructura 81.8% (± 17.9). La evaluación global presentó un porcentaje de 78.1 ± 10.3. Así mismo, la consistencia interna de la encuesta presentó un alfa de Crombach de 0.889 global. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de la encuesta sugieren que la formación contemporánea para los estudiantes de odontología debe combinar la experiencia didáctica de trabajo en el laboratorio junto con actividades en el aula. Sin embargo, deberá ser potenciada la infraestructura y fomentar la capacidad de los estudiantes para interpretar resultados.


For over a decade, experimental teaching of Biochemistry as a subject has been reinforced as part of the School of Dentistry, National University of Mexico (UNAM) curriculum. This aim has been achieved with the help of laboratory practices. The project of strengthening biochemistry teaching, entailed the purpose of achieving, for the student, the comprehension of biochemistry and molecular biology basic concepts and thus improving their professional skills. With this purpose in mind, three molecular biology experimental protocols have been introduced in the scholastic cycle 2011-2012. Objective: To analyze in the 2011-2012 generation, the opinion survey sustained on molecular biology protocols. Materials and methods: In an blind and voluntary basis, an opinion survey was applied to first year students of the National School of Dentistry. In this survey, six aspects of molecular biology protocols were assessed. The six aspects were: learning, participation, planning, group interaction, evaluation and infrastructure. Standard deviation means were obtained (± SD) in order to assess instrument reliability. Internal consistency of the survey and evaluation percentage of each reactive were equally obtained. To achieve this aim, the SPSS Windows version 12 was used. Averages of different categories were as follows: learning 71.1% (± 12.5), evaluation: 78.6% (± 17.1); infrastructure: 81.8% (± 17.9%). Global assessment revealed a 78.1 ± 10.3. Internal consistency of the survey presented a Crombach alpha of global 0.889. Survey of analysis results suggested that contemporary training for dentistry students must combine the didactic experience of laboratory work along with classroom activities. Infrastructure must nevertheless be potentiated as well as the student's skills to interpret results.

9.
Salud ment ; 35(1): 71-77, ene.-feb. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-653863

ABSTRACT

Introduction Depression in the elderly is of interest because of its relationship with increased demand for health services, as well as the low frequency of diagnosis. Objective To determine the frequency of depressive symptoms (DS) among elderly beneficiaries in Mexico City by the revised scale of depression of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of the United States (CES-DR) and the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Materials and methods In the first phase of the study we evaluated the presence of significant DS with the 30-item GDS. Those with scores of 11 or more were considered positive and were included in the second phase. In this phase were added a random sample with negative scores. All participants completed the second phase of the revised CES-DR. The 80 percentile was used in this study with a cut-off of 57 points. Results A total of 7449 elderly were included in the first phase. The prevalence of reported significant DS with the GDS was 21.7% (n = 1.616) (IC-95%, 20.4-23.0). The sample for the second phase included 2 923 elderly. The mean age was 70.8 years, 61.7% were women. Twelve percent (95% CI, 9.2-15.3) showed significant DS of major depression, 7.5% (95% CI, 6.3-8.9) was rated as probable, 17.2% (95% CI, 13.022.3) possible, 2.6% (95% CI, 2.2-3.1) sub-threshold depression episode and 60.7% (95% CI, 56.2-65.1) with no significant DS episodes of major depression. Significant frequency of major depression SD is presented using the GDS and CESDR was 6.5% (95% CI, 3.3-12.4). Conclusions The expression of the identified significant SD CES-DR is different from what is reported to the GDS. The CES-DR is more sensitive and specific to identify the presence of depressive symptoms.


Introducción La depresión en el anciano resulta de interés por su relación con el incremento de la demanda de servicios de salud, así como por su baja frecuencia de diagnóstico. Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de los síntomas depresivos (SD) entre ancianos derechohabientes de la Ciudad de México, mediante la escala revisada de depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos de los Estados Unidos (CES-DR) y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesavage (GDS). Materiales y métodos En la primera fase del estudio se evaluó la presencia de SD significativos con la GDS de 30 ítems. Aquéllos con puntaje de 11 o más fueron considerados como positivos y se incluyeron en la segunda fase. En esta fase se agregó una muestra aleatoria con puntajes negativos. Todos los participantes en la segunda fase completaron la versión revisada del CES-DR. El percentil 80 se utilizó en este estudio con un punto de corte de 57 puntos. Resultados Un total de 7449 adultos mayores fueron incluidos en la primera fase. La prevalencia de SD significativos reportada con el GDS fue de 21.7% (n=1,616) (IC-95%, 20.4-23.0). La muestra para la segunda fase incluyó 2923 adultos mayores. La media de edad fue de 70.8 años, el 61.7% eran mujeres. El 12.0% (IC-95%, 9.2-15.3) presentó SD significativos de depresión mayor, 7.5% (IC-95%, 6.3-8.9) fue calificado como probable, 17.2% (IC-95%, 13.0-22.3) como posible, 2.6% (IC-95%, 2.2-3.1) con episodio de depresión sub-umbral y 60.7% (IC-95%, 56.265.1) sin SD significativos de episodios de depresión mayor. La frecuencia de SD significativos de depresión mayor que se presentó utilizando el GDS y el CESDR fue de 6.5% (IC-95%, 3.3-12.4). Conclusiones La expresión de SD significativos identificada con el CES-DR es diferente a lo que se reporta con el GDS. La CES-DR permite identificar la presencia de síntomas de depresión de manera más sensible y específica.

10.
Salud ment ; 35(1): 3-11, ene.-feb. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-653864

ABSTRACT

The present review aims at analyzing the magnitude and social impact of depression, as well as exploring models that help to understand the strategies needed to address this public health problem. The literature reveals that 9.2% of the general population has had a depressive episode and one in five persons will have an episode by age 75. Lower rates are observed in low and mid income in comparison to those with high income. These differences are not due to personal income, the probability of greater severity or delay in diagnosis, and are more likely related to cultural differences. Greater risk is observed among females, people younger than 60 years, marital status as single, widowed or divorced, and low educational attainment. The deleterious effect of depression on productivity is well established (27 days lost in the past year, on average, per case). The association with diabetes, hypertension, cardio vascular disease, drug use, suicide, and other risk behaviors has been frequently observed. Although unresolved questions remain about the presence or not of common risk factors and the chain of causality, it is a known fact that the combination of physical and mental disorders causes greater disability. With regard to the healthcare system, patients with depression and/or anxiety have higher utilization rates and healthcare costs, particularly among elderly patients. This healthcare overutilization is related with the low rates of diagnosis and adequate treatment of depression. About 26% of depression cases will not be diagnosed and, although a large proportion of patients have contact with healthcare services, nearly 30% never receive help for their depression. New treatment models that overcome barriers, understanding the sociocultural factors related with the problem, and addressing depression at the primary level of healthcare are urgent in Mexico.


El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar la magnitud y el impacto social de la depresión, así como explorar modelos que permitan comprender mejor las estrategias necesarias para su atención. Los reportes revelan que 9.2% de la población general ha padecido un episodio de depresión, que una de cada cinco personas sufrirá uno antes de llegar a los 75 años y que los más jóvenes presentan tasas mayores. Tasas más bajas se observan en países de ingreso bajo y medio, en contraste con países de ingreso alto. Diferencias no relacionadas con la gravedad o el retraso en el diagnóstico probablemente se vinculen con diferencias culturales. Las mujeres, las personas sin pareja y el bajo nivel de educación se asocian con mayor riesgo. El efecto deletéreo en productividad (media de 27 días perdidos en el último año) es indiscutible. La asociación con diabetes, hipertensión y trastornos cardiacos, entre otras, ha sido frecuentemente investigada. Si bien no es clara la presencia o no de factores de riesgo comunes y la cadena de causalidad, la combinación de trastornos físicos y mentales genera más discapacidad. La depresión ha sido asociada a otras conductas como adicciones, suicidio y violencia, particularmente en jóvenes. En cuanto a los efectos en el sistema de salud, diversos estudios han demostrado que los pacientes con depresión tienen mayores tasas de utilización y mayores costos asociados, particularmente con ancianos. Esta sobreutilización está relacionada con la baja proporción de diagnóstico y tratamiento certero. El 26% de las personas no serán diagnosticadas y, a pesar de que una elevada proporción de pacientes contactaron con los servicios de salud, cerca del 30% nunca recibió ayuda. Nuevos modelos de atención que incluyan el abatimiento de las barreras, el entendimiento de los factores socioculturales y la inclusión del manejo primario de la depresión son urgentes.

11.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(1): 17-25, Jan.-Feb. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-574960

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto del programa Atención Domiciliaria al Enfermo Crónico (ADEC) comparado con la atención habitual (AH) a ancianos con dependencia funcional, derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Cohorte prospectiva a tres meses a partir del egreso hospitalario en dos hospitales de la Ciudad de México. Se ingresaron 130 ancianos con dependencia funcional, 70 insertados al programa ADEC y 60 con atención habitual. Se midió impacto en reingresos hospitalarios y calidad de vida a partir de la escala Perfil de Impacto de la Enfermedad (SIP, por sus siglas en inglés). RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de los ancianos fue de 74 años (61/103) y 60 por ciento fueron mujeres. El principal diagnóstico fue enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) (30.77 por ciento). El grupo de ADEC mejoró la calidad de vida en la dimensión psicosocial [46.26 (±13.85) comparado con 29.45 (±16.48) vs. 47.03 (±16.47) a 42.36 (±16.35) p<0.05 en grupo habitual]. No se presentaron diferencias en los reingresos (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONES: El programa mejoró la dimensión psicosocial de calidad de vida.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the ADEC program (acronym in Spanish) as compared with the typical care provided to disabled elderly affiliated with the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort at three months after discharge from two general hospitals in Mexico City. A total of 130 patients with functional dependency were studied, 70 in the ADEC program and 60 with typical care. Impact was measured using hospital readmissions and quality of life based on the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). RESULTS: Average age was 74 (61/103) years and 60 percent were women. The main diagnosis was cerebrovascular disease (30.77 percent). The quality of life in the psychosocial dimension improved for the ADEC group (from 46.26 (±13.85) to 29.45(±16.48) as compared with 47.03 (±16.47) to 42.36 (±16.35) for those receiving typical care (p<0.05). No differences were found regarding hospital readmissions. (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HC program improved the psychosocial dimension of quality of life.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Chronic Disease , Health Services for the Aged , Home Care Services, Hospital-Based , Social Security/organization & administration , Abdominal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Health Services for the Aged/organization & administration , Health Services for the Aged/statistics & numerical data , Home Care Services, Hospital-Based/organization & administration , Home Care Services, Hospital-Based/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, General/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Urban/statistics & numerical data , Kidney Failure, Chronic/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data , Program Evaluation , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Sickness Impact Profile , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors
12.
Salud pública Méx ; 51(1): 6-13, ene.-feb. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-572699

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between components of social networks and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in older adults with and without depressive symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Comparative cross-sectional study with data from the cohort study "Integral Study of Depression", carried out in Mexico City during 2004. The sample was selected through a multi-stage probability design. HRQL was measured with the SF-36. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Short Anxiety Screening Test (SAST) determined depressive symptoms and anxiety. T-test and multiple linear regressions were conducted. RESULTS: Older adults with depressive symptoms had the lowest scores in all HRQL scales. A larger network of close relatives and friends was associated with better HRQL on several scales. Living alone did not significantly affect HRQL level, in either the study or comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: A positive association between some components of social networks and good HRQL exists even in older adults with depressive symptoms.


OBJETIVO: Examinar la relación entre componentes de redes sociales y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de adultos mayores con o sin síntomas depresivos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal comparativo con datos de la cohorte "Estudio Integral de Depresión", realizado en la Ciudad de México en 2004. La muestra fue seleccionada por diseño probabilístico multietápico. La CVRS se midió con SF-36, mientras que Geriatric Depression Scale y Short Anxiety Screening Test determinaron síntomas de depresión y ansiedad. El análisis consistió de prueba T y regresiones lineales múltiples. RESULTADOS: Ancianos con síntomas de depresión reportaron puntuaciones más bajas en todas las escalas de CVRS; una red más grande de familiares y amigos se asoció con mejor CVRS en varias escalas. Vivir solo no afectó la CVRS en grupos de estudio y comparación. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una asociación positiva de algunos componentes de las redes sociales con la CVRS, incluso en ancianos con síntomas depresivos.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Quality of Life , Social Support , Anxiety/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/epidemiology , Educational Status , Health Surveys , Mexico/epidemiology , Morbidity , Population Dynamics , Sampling Studies , Social Isolation , Social Security , Urban Population
13.
Salud pública Méx ; 50(6): 447-456, nov.-dic. 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-497452

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the psychometric qualities of the CES-DR and GDS scales in the elderly and compare them to clinical psychiatric diagnoses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The first phase consisted of home interviews for determining the psychometric qualities of the GDS and CES-DR scales. In the second phase, psychiatrists conducted diagnostic interviews. The sample consisted of 534 participants older than 60 years of age insured by the Mexican Institute of Social Security. RESULTS: First phase: Cronbach's alpha for the GDS was 0.87 and 0.86 for CES-DR. The GDS factorial analysis found eight factors that could explain 53.5 percent of the total variance and nine factors that explained 57.9 percent in the CES-DR. Second phase: Compared to the psychiatric diagnoses, CES-DR reported a sensitivity of 82 percent and a specificity of 49.2 percent; GDS reported 53.8 percent sensitivity and 78.9 percent specificity. CONCLUSIONS: CES-DR and GDS scales have high reliability and adequate validity but the CES-DR reports higher sensitivity.


RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Determinar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas CES-DR y GDS para depresión en población anciana y compararlas con el diagnóstico clínico psiquiátrico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La primera fase consistió en entrevistas en casa para determinar las propiedades psicométricas. En la segunda fase, los psiquiatras condujeron entrevistas diagnósticas. La muestra consistió en 534 participantes de 60 años y más asegurados por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. RESULTADOS: Primera fase: Alfa de Cronbach para el GDS y CES-DR fue de 0.87 y 0.86, respectivamente. El análisis factorial del GDS reportó ocho factores que explicaron 53.5 por ciento de la varianza, comparado con nueve del CESDR que explicaron 57.9 por ciento. Segunda fase: Comparado con el diagnóstico psiquiátrico, el CES-DR reportó una sensibilidad de 82 por ciento y una especificidad de 49.2 por ciento comparado con 53.8 por ciento y 78.9 por ciento, respectivamente del GDS. CONCLUSIONES: Las escalas CES-DR y GDS tienen consistencia y adecuada validez pero el CES-DR reporta más alta sensibilidad.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Depression/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Interview, Psychological/methods , Population Surveillance/methods , Primary Health Care/methods , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Severity of Illness Index , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Interviews as Topic , Mexico/epidemiology , Observer Variation , Psychiatry/statistics & numerical data , Sampling Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
14.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(3): 173-181, mayo-jul. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-453570

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto que tiene el estado de la dentición en la capacidad de los ancianos para desempeñar sus actividades habituales en los últimos seis meses. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal en ancianos derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social del suroeste de la Ciudad de México. Se realizaron entrevistas domiciliarias para recabar datos sociodemográficos, utilización de los servicios de salud bucodental, problemas para realizar actividades regulares y su relación con el estado de la dentición en los últimos seis meses, mediante el índice OIDP (Oral Impacts on Daily Performances). Con posterioridad, tres profesionales de la salud bucodental, capacitados para determinar el estado de la dentición de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, realizaron un examen clínico. RESULTADOS: Se estudió a 540 ancianos. La prevalencia de pacientes geriátricos con problemas para llevar a cabo sus actividades habituales fue de 21.5 por ciento. Los principales problemas en las actividades habituales fueron comer (14.4 por ciento), hablar (8.7 por ciento), incapacidad de no irritarse (5.4 por ciento), lavarse los dientes (5 por ciento) e imposibilidad de disfrutar el contacto con la gente (4.4 por ciento). Existe una correlación del OIDP positiva entre el número de dientes perdidos y el índice CPO-D (p<0.05) y negativa entre el número de dientes funcionales y los obturados (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: El estado de la dentición en los ancianos tiene repercusiones en la capacidad para efectuar sus actividades habituales y, por lo tanto, afecta la calidad de vida, con mayores consecuencias en comer y disfrutar los alimentos, así como hablar y pronunciar de modo correcto.


OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dental state on the capacity of elderly individuals to carry out their daily activities during the previous six months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal study was conducted in the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) with insured elderly persons residing in southwestern Mexico City. Home interviews were conducted to gather sociodemographic data, data on the use of oral health services, problems in carrying out daily activities, and their relationship with the state of dentition over the past six months, utilizing the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) index. Later, three oral health professionals trained in determining the state of dentition according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria performed a clinical examination on each elderly subject. RESULTS: A total of 540 elderly individuals were studied. The prevalence of elderly persons with problems in carrying out their daily activities was 21.5 percent. The main problems in daily activities were eating (14.4 percent), speaking (8.7 percent), not becoming irritated (5.4 percent), brushing their teeth(5 percent), and inability to enjoy contact with people (4.4 percent). There is a positive OIDP correlation between number of teeth lost and the decayed, missing, filled teeth(DMFT) index (p<0.05) and a negative correlation with the number of functional and filled teeth. CONCLUSIONS: The state of dentition in the elderly has repercussions on the capacity to carry out daily activities, with quality of life most seriously affected with regard to eating and enjoying food, as well as with respect to correct pronunciation.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Activities of Daily Living , Dentition , Health Status , Cross-Sectional Studies
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